CS6140 Machine Learning

HW3 Generative Models

EM class notes,   Other EM notes1,  notes4, notes5

Multivariate Normal,   Multivariate - mariginal and conditional,    Correlation Coefficient

You have to write your own code, but it is ok to discuss or look up specific algorithmic/language code details. Before starting coding, make sure to understand :




PROBLEM 1 GDA [50 points]

Run the Gaussian Discriminant Analysis on the spambase data. Use the k-folds from the previous problem (1 for testing, k-1 for training, for each fold)
Since you have 57 real value features, each of the  2gaussians (for + class and for - class) will have a mean  vector with 57 components, and a they will have
(you can use a Matlab or Python of Java built in function to estimated covariance matrices, but the estimator is easy to code up).
Looking at the training and testing performance, does it appear that the gaussian assumption (normal distributed data) holds for this particular dataset?

PROBLEM 2: Naive Bayes [50 points]

Create a set of Naive Bayes classifiers for detecting e-mail spam and test the classifiers on the Spambase dataset via 10-fold cross validation.

2.1: Build the classifier(s)

Create three distinct Naive Bayes classifiers by varying the likelihood distribution. In particular, try:

For real-valued features, a Bernoulli likelihood may be obtained by thresholding against a scalar-valued statistic, such as the sample mean \(\mu\). Similarly, a Gaussian likelihood function can be obtained by estimating the [class conditional] expected value \(\mu\) and variance \(\sigma\). For the non-parameteric setting, model the feature distribution either with a kernel density estimate (KDE) or a histogram.

Bernoulli example: Consider some threshold \(\mu \in \mathbb{R}\). To compute the conditional probability of a feature \(f_i\), compute the fraction by which \(f_i\) is above or below \(\mu\) over all the data within its class. In other words, for feature \(f_i\) with expected value \(\mu_i\), estimate: \[ P(f_i \leq \mu_i \mid \text{spam} ) \text{ and } P(f_i > \mu_i \mid \text{spam} )\] \[ P(f_i \leq \mu_i \mid \text{non-spam} ) \text{ and } P(f_i > \mu_i \mid \text{non-spam} )\] and use these estimated values in your Naive Bayes predictor.

For all the models mentioned, you may want to consider using some kind of additive smoothing technique as a regularizer.

2.2: Evaluate your results

Evaluate the performance of the classifiers using the following three performance summaries.

Error tables: Create a table with one row per fold showing the false positive, false negative, and overall error rates of the classifiers. Add one final row per table yielding the average error rates across all folds.

ROC Curves: Graph the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for each of your classifiers on Fold 1 and calculate their area-under-the-curve (AUC) statistics. You should draw all three curves on the same plot so that you can compare them.

For this problem, the false positive rate is the fraction of non-spam testing examples that are misclassified as spam, while the false negative rate is the fraction of spam testing examples that are misclassified as non-spam.

Context: In many situations, false positive (Type I) and false negative (Type II) errors incur different costs. In spam filtering, for example, a false positive is a legitimate e-mail that is misclassified as spam (and perhaps automatically redirected to a “spam folder” or, worse, auto-deleted) while a false negative is a spam message that is misclassified as legitimate (and sent to one’s inbox).

When using Naive Bayes, one can easily make such trade-offs. For example, in the usual Bayes formulation, with \(\mathbf{x}\) the data vector and \(y\) the class variable, one would predict “spam” if:

\[ P(y = \text{spam} | \mathbf{x}) > P(y = \text{non-spam} | \mathbf{x}) \]

or equivalently, in a log-odds formulation,

\[ \ln(P(y = \text{spam} | \mathbf{x}) / P(y = \text{non-spam} | \mathbf{x})) > 0 \]

However, note that one could choose to classify an e-mail as spam for any threshold \(\tau\), i.e.:

\[ \ln(P(y = \text{spam} | \mathbf{x}) / P(y = \text{non-spam} | \mathbf{x})) > \tau \]

Larger values of \(\tau\) reduce the number of spam classifications, reducing false positives at the expense of more false negatives. Negative values of \(\tau\) have the converse effect.

Most users are willing to accept some false negative examples so long as very few legitimate e-mails are misclassified. Given your classifiers and their ROC curves, what value of \(\tau\) would you choose to deploy in a real email spam filter?

PROBLEM 3 EM Algorithm Description [20 points]

  Use this pdf of the EM code demoed in class. (Alternatively, you can print the code yourself from an editor).
Annotate  on the right  the sections of the code with your explanation of what the code does. Submit as pdf.

PROBLEM 4 : EM on simple data [50 points]

A) The gaussian 2-dim data on file  2gaussian.txt  has been generated  using a mixture  of  two Gaussians, each  2-dim, with the parameters below. Run the EM algorithm with random initial values to recover the parameters.
mean_1 [3,3]); cov_1 = [[1,0],[0,3]]; n1=2000 points
mean_2 =[7,4]; cov_2 = [[1,0.5],[0.5,1]]; ; n2=4000 points
 You should obtain a result visually like this (you dont necessarily have to plot it)

B) Same problem for 2-dim data on file 3gaussian.txt , generated using a mixture of three Gaussians. Verify your  findings against the true parameters used generate the data below.
mean_1 = [3,3] ; cov_1 = [[1,0],[0,3]]; n1=2000
mean_2 = [7,4] ; cov_2 = [[1,0.5],[0.5,1]] ; n2=3000
mean_3 = [5,7] ; cov_3 = [[1,0.2],[0.2,1]]    ); n3=5000


PROBLEM 5 [GR only]

a) Prove that

at

b) You are given a coin which you know is either fair or double-headed. You believe
that the a priori odds of it being fair are F to 1; i.e., you believe that the a priori probability of the coin
being fair is F/(F+1) . You now begin to flip the coin in order to learn more. Obviously, if you ever see a tail,
you know immediately that the coin is fair. As a function of F, how many heads in a row would you need to see before becoming convinced that there is a better than even chance that the coin is double-headed?


PROBLEM 6 - 30 points

Cheng's  note summarizing E an M steps for this problem.

    A.Generate mixture data (coin flips). Pick a p,r,pi as in the EM example discussed in class (or in notes). Say p=.75, r=.4, pi=.8, but you should try this for several sets of values. Generate the outcome of the coin experiment by first picking a coin (pi probability for first coin, 1-pi probability for the second coin), then flip that coin K times (use K=10) with probability of head (p if first coin is picked,  r if the second coin is picked) and finally write down a 1 if the head is seen, 0 for the tail. Repeat this M=1000 times or more; so your outcome is a stream of M sequences of K flips : (1001110001; 0001110001; 1010100101 etc)

    B.Infer parameters from data. Now using the stream of 1 and 0 observed, recover p,r,pi using the EM algorithm; K is known in advance. Report in a table the parameter values found by comparison with the ones used to generate data; try several sets of (p,r,pi). Here are some useful notes,  and  other readings (1 , 2 , 3 , 4) for the coin mixture.

    C(more coins, optional).  Repeat A) and B) with T coins instead of two. You will need more mixture parameters.


PROBLEM 7 Naive Bayes with Gaussian Mixtures[Extra Credit]

Rerun the Naive Bayes classifier on Spam Data. For each feature (1-dim) use a mixture of K Gaussians as your model ; run the EM to estimate the 3*K parameters for each feature : mean1, var1, w1; mean2,var2, w2;... meanK,varK,wK; constrained by w1+w2 +...+wK=1. (You would need a separate mixture for positive and negative data, for each feature). We observed best results for K=9.
    Testing: for each testing point , apply the Naive Bayes classifier as before:  take the log-odd of product of probabilities over features mixtures (and the prior), separately for positive side and negative side; use the overall probability ratio as an output score, and compute the AUC for testing set.  Do this for a 10-fold cross validation setup. Is the overall 10-fold average AUC better than before, when each feature model was a single Gaussian?

PROBLEM 8 [Extra Credit]

a) Somebody tosses a fair coin and if the result is heads, you get nothing, otherwise you get $5. How much would you be pay to play this game? What if the win is $500 instead of $5?

b) Suppose you play instead the following game: At the beginning of each game you pay an entry fee of $100. A coin is tossed until a head appears, counting n = the number of tosses it took to see the first head. Your reward is 2n (that is: if a head appears first at the 4th toss, you get $16). Would you be willing to play this game (why)?

c) Lets assume you answered "yes" at part b (if you did not, you need to fix your math on expected values). What is the probability that you make a profit in one game? How about in two games?

d) [difficult] After about how many games (estimate) the probability of making a profit overall is bigger than 50% ?

PROBLEM 9 [Extra Credit]

DHS CH2, Pb 43

PROBLEM 10 part 2 [Extra Credit]

a) DHS CH2, Pb 45




PROBLEM 11 [Extra Credit]

b) DHS CH2, Pb 44



PROBLEM 12 [EXTRA CREDIT, requires independent study of Hidden Markov Models, DHS ch 3.10]

DHS Pb 3.50 (page 154-155)
The standard method for calculating the probability of a sequence in a given HMM is to use the forward probabilities αi(t).